How hard was life in twelfth-century Wales?

Image Credit: Rúben Gál - Pixabay

Life anywhere in the twelfth century was tough but in Wales a combination of socio-political hardship, economic challenges added significantly to the daily grind of medieval existence. It was not all feasting and fun! The Welsh faced formidable obstacles that tested their determination and resilience.

Political Instability

After the Norman conquest of England, it was inevitable that the Normans would try to push into Wales. Normans were land grabbers and they were not too bothered about how they did it. The Welsh were resilient and did not give up easily so for much of the twelfth century there was hostility as land was taken and then reclaimed. Meanwhile, internal power struggles led to constant skirmishes and territorial disputes. The constant crossfire of competing factions led to a sense of instability and insecurity.

Economic Hardship

Economic conditions in the twelfth century were harsh. Norman overlords demanded hefty financial dues to support the ongoing wars in Normandy. Agriculture which was the backbone of the Welsh economy was often hampered by the ongoing strife as well as erratic weather which often led to bad harvests.

The Grind of Daily Life

Life revolved around the rhythms of agricultural work and seasonal cycles. While life was easier for the Welsh nobles, the peasants took the brunt of the workload. Women typically contributed to household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and tending to livestock while the men laboured in the fields or were engaged in other manual tasks. Much of what was produced required effort whether it was food for the table, clothing, or shelter. Tools were simple and patience was considered a virtue.

Limited Rights and Social Status

If you were a peasant, you were on the lowest rung of the ladder with limited rights and social mobility. Everyone was subject to the authority of the local lord and his officials who administered justice and collected dues. Social mobility was rare with few opportunities for a peasant to improve his or her lot.

Health

Compared to what is in place in Wales today, healthcare was poor. Herbal medicine was the primary form of healthcare and was effective to a degree. There were no antibiotics and infection common due to the lack of sterile conditions and understanding of germ theory. Wounds would be treated with poultices, bandages, and salves but fever afterward was common.

In the Wales of today with technology, supermarkets and stores, hygienic bathrooms, modern kitchens, and a healthcare system for all it is hard to imagine the difficult lives of the majority back in the twelfth Century. Yet, looking at the pace we live our lives, I wonder if someone from the twelfth century would elect to stay if they could travel in time to us!

If you enjoy Welsh historical fiction you might like reading ‘The Welsh Traitor’s Daughter’ and the sequel ‘The Welsh Warrior’s Inheritance’.